Methods of treating or preventing prostate cancer

ABSTRACT

In various embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating and/or preventing prostate cancer and, in particular, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising eicosapentaenoic acid or a derivative thereof.

PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/703,782 filed Sep. 13, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/477,034 filed Sep. 4, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application serial no. 61/873,596, filed Sep. 4, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

As the sixth-leading cause of cancer-related death globally, prostate cancer represents a significant risk for men. While the causes of prostate cancer are not fully understood, primary risk factors appear to include obesity, age and family history. Cardiovascular factors, diet, and sexual history may also play roles. Common treatments include surveillance, surgery, radiation, ultrasound, chemotherapy, and combinations thereof. However, many of the common treatments carry significant risks of complication. Studies probing links between diet and prevention of prostate cancer are tenuous and offer conflicting conclusions, although one recent study by T. M. Brasky, et al., has correlated high blood levels of EPA, DHA and DPA with an increased risk of prostate cancer. A need exists for improved treatments and preventatives for prostate cancer.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing prostate cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing prostate cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject about 1 to about 4 capsules per day, each capsule comprising about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate.

In some embodiments, the subject has a risk factor associated with prostate cancer. In other embodiments, the subject is identified as having prostate cancer before administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemia comprising administering a composition as described herein to a subject in need thereof one to about four times per day.

In some embodiments, a method of reducing triglycerides in a subject having prostate cancer or at risk of developing prostate cancer according to the present invention comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate.

These and other embodiments of the present invention will be disclosed in further detail herein below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the present invention is capable of being embodied in various forms, the description below of several embodiments is made with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated. Headings are provided for convenience only and are not to be construed to limit the invention in any manner. Embodiments illustrated under any heading may be combined with embodiments illustrated under any other heading.

The use of numerical values in the various quantitative values specified in this application, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both preceded by the word “about.” Also, the disclosure of ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values recited as well as any ranges that can be formed by such values. Also disclosed herein are any and all ratios (and ranges of any such ratios) that can be formed by dividing a disclosed numeric value into any other disclosed numeric value. Accordingly, the skilled person will appreciate that many such ratios, ranges, and ranges of ratios can be unambiguously derived from the numerical values presented herein and in all instances such ratios, ranges, and ranges of ratios represent various embodiments of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for treatment and/or prevention of a cardiovascular-related disease. The term “cardiovascular-related disease” herein refers to any disease or disorder of the heart or blood vessels (i.e. arteries and veins) or any symptom thereof. Non-limiting examples of cardiovascular-related disease and disorders include hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, vascular disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular events.

The term “treatment” in relation a given disease or disorder, includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting the disease or disorder, for example, arresting the development of the disease or disorder; relieving the disease or disorder, for example, causing regression of the disease or disorder; or relieving a condition caused by or resulting from the disease or disorder, for example, relieving, preventing or treating symptoms of the disease or disorder. The term “prevention” in relation to a given disease or disorder means: preventing the onset of disease development if none had occurred, preventing the disease or disorder from occurring in a subject that may be predisposed to the disorder or disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having the disorder or disease, and/or preventing further disease/disorder development if already present.

As used herein, the term “prostate cancer” refers to any one of or the combination of: high-grade prostate cancer and low-grade prostate cancer. “High-grade prostate cancer” is sometimes referred to as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, HGPIN, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or PIN. “Low-grade prostate cancer” is sometimes referred to as low-grade PIN.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of blood lipid therapy comprising administering to a subject or subject group in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In another embodiment, the subject or subject group has one or more of: hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C serum levels, high total cholesterol levels, and/or low HDL-C serum levels. In some embodiments, the subject and/or the subject group has prostate cancer or is at risk of developing prostate cancer (e.g., has one or more risk factors associated with prostate cancer).

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated has a baseline triglyceride level (or median baseline triglyceride level in the case of a subject group), fed or fasting, of at least about 300 mg/dl, at least about 400 mg/dl, at least about 500 mg/dl, at least about 600 mg/dl, at least about 700 mg/dl, at least about 800 mg/dl, at least about 900 mg/dl, at least about 1000 mg/dl, at least about 1100 mg/dl, at least about 1200 mg/dl, at least about 1300 mg/dl, at least about 1400 mg/dl, or at least about 1500 mg/dl, for example about 400 mg/dl to about 2500 mg/dl, about 450 mg/dl to about 2000 mg/dl or about 500 mg/dl to about 1500 mg/dl.

In one embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention has previously been treated with Lovaza® and has experienced an increase in, or no decrease in, LDL-C levels and/or non-HDL-C levels. In one such embodiment, Lovaza® therapy is discontinued and replaced by a method of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline absolute plasma level of free EPA (or mean thereof in the case of a subject group) not greater than about 0.70 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.65 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.60 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.55 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.50 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.45 nmol/ml, or not greater than about 0.40 nmol/ml. In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a baseline fasting plasma level (or mean thereof) of free EPA, expressed as a percentage of total free fatty acid, of not more than about 3%, not more than about 2.5%, not more than about 2%, not more than about 1.5%, not more than about 1%, not more than about 0.75%, not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.2% or not more than about 0.15%. In one such embodiment, free plasma EPA and/or total fatty acid levels are determined prior to initiating therapy.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline absolute plasma level of total fatty acid (or mean thereof) not greater than about 250 nmol/ml, not greater than about 200 nmol/ml, not greater than about 150 nmol/ml, not greater than about 100 nmol/ml, or not greater than about 50 nmol/ml.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline plasma, serum or red blood cell membrane EPA level not greater than about 70 μg/ml, not greater than about 60 μg/ml, not greater than about 50 μg/ml, not greater than about 40 μg/ml, not greater than about 30 μg/ml, or not greater than about 25 μg/ml.

In another embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise a step of measuring the subject's (or subject group's mean) baseline lipid profile prior to initiating therapy. In another embodiment, methods of the invention comprise the step of identifying a subject or subject group having one or more of the following: baseline non-HDL-C value of about 200 mg/dl to about 400 mg/dl, for example at least about 210 mg/dl, at least about 220 mg/dl, at least about 230 mg/dl, at least about 240 mg/dl, at least about 250 mg/dl, at least about 260 mg/dl, at least about 270 mg/dl, at least about 280 mg/dl, at least about 290 mg/dl, or at least about 300 mg/dl; baseline total cholesterol value of about 250 mg/dl to about 400 mg/dl, for example at least about 260 mg/dl, at least about 270 mg/dl, at least about 280 mg/dl or at least about 290 mg/dl; baseline vLDL-C value of about 140 mg/dl to about 200 mg/dl, for example at least about 150 mg/dl, at least about 160 mg/dl, at least about 170 mg/dl, at least about 180 mg/dl or at least about 190 mg/dl; baseline HDL-C value of about 10 to about 60 mg/dl, for example not more than about 40 mg/ dl, not more than about 35 mg/dl, not more than about 30 mg/dl, not more than about 25 mg/dl, not more than about 20 mg/dl, or not more than about 15 mg/dl; and/or baseline LDL-C value of about 50 to about 300 mg/dl, for example not less than about 100 mg/dl, not less than about 90 mg/dl, not less than about 80 mg/dl, not less than about 70 mg/dl, not less than about 60 mg/dl or not less than about 50 mg/dl.

In a related embodiment, upon treatment in accordance with the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits one or more of the following outcomes:

(a) reduced triglyceride levels compared to baseline or control;

(b) reduced Apo B levels compared to baseline or control;

(c) increased HDL-C levels compared to baseline or control;

(d) no increase in LDL-C levels compared to baseline or control;

(e) a reduction in LDL-C levels compared to baseline or control;

(f) a reduction in non-HDL-C levels compared to baseline or control;

(g) a reduction in vLDL levels compared to baseline or control;

(h) an increase in apo A-I levels compared to baseline or control;

(i) an increase in apo A-I/apo B ratio compared to baseline or control;

(j) a reduction in lipoprotein A levels compared to baseline or control;

(k) a reduction in LDL particle number compared to baseline or control;

(l) an increase in LDL size compared to baseline or control;

(m) a reduction in remnant-like particle cholesterol compared to baseline or control;

(n) a reduction in oxidized LDL compared to baseline or control;

(o) no change or a reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) compared to baseline or control;

(p) a reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) compared to baseline or control;

(q) a reduction in homeostasis model insulin resistance compared to baseline or control;

(r) a reduction in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 compared to baseline or control;

(s) a reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 compared to baseline or control;

(t) a reduction in interleukin-6 compared to baseline or control;

(u) a reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 compared to baseline or control;

(v) a reduction in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) compared to baseline or control;

(w) an increase in serum or plasma EPA compared to baseline or control;

(x) an increase in red blood cell (RBC) membrane EPA compared to baseline or control;

(y) a reduction or increase in one or more of serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (AA), palmitic acid (PA), staeridonic acid (SA) or oleic acid (OA) compared to baseline or control;

(z) a reduction in or prevention of membrane cholesterol domain formation compared to baseline or control;

(aa) a reduction in or prevention of oxidative modification of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to baseline or control;

(bb) a reduction in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) compared to baseline or control;

(cc) an improvement in a prostate ultrasound diagnostic compared to baseline or control;

(dd) an improvement in a prostate MRI diagnostic compared to baseline or control;

(ee) an improvement in biopsy diagnostic compared to baseline or control;

(ff) a reduction in Gleason score compared to baseline or control; and/or

(gg) a reduction in prostate tumor grade compared to baseline or control.

In one embodiment, upon administering a composition of the invention to a subject, the subject exhibits a decrease in triglyceride levels, an increase in the concentrations of EPA and DPA (n-3) in red blood cells, and an increase of the ratio of EPA:arachidonic acid in red blood cells. In a related embodiment the subject exhibits substantially no or no increase in RBC DHA.

In one embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise measuring baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(gg) above prior to dosing the subject or subject group. In another embodiment, the methods comprise administering a composition as disclosed herein to the subject after baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(gg) are determined, and subsequently taking an additional measurement of said one or more markers.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits any 2 or more of, any 3 or more of, any 4 or more of, any 5 or more of, any 6 or more of, any 7 or more of, any 8 or more of, any 9 or more of, any 10 or more of, any 11 or more of, any 12 or more of, any 13 or more of, any 14 or more of, any 15 or more of, any 16 or more of, any 17 or more of, any 18 or more of, any 19 or more of, any 20 or more of, any 21 or more of, any 22 or more of, any 23 or more, any 24 or more, any 25 or more, any 26 or more, any 27 or more of, any 28 or more of, any 29 or more of, any 30 or more of, any 31 or more of, any 32 or more of, or all 33 of outcomes (a)-(gg) described immediately above.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, the subject or subject group exhibits one or more of the following outcomes:

(a) a reduction in triglyceride level of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline;

(b) a less than 30% increase, less than 20% increase, less than 10% increase, less than 5% increase or no increase in non-HDL-C levels or a reduction in non-HDL-C levels of at least about 1%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline;

(c) substantially no change in HDL-C levels, no change in HDL-C levels, or an increase in HDL-C levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline;

(d) a less than 60% increase, a less than 50% increase, a less than 40% increase, a less than 30% increase, less than 20% increase, less than 10% increase, less than 5% increase or no increase in LDL-C levels or a reduction in LDL-C levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline;

(e) a decrease in Apo B levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline;

(f) a reduction in vLDL levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(g) an increase in apo A-I levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(h) an increase in apo A-I/apo B ratio of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(i) a reduction in lipoprotein (a) levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(j) a reduction in mean LDL particle number of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(k) an increase in mean LDL particle size of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(l) a reduction in remnant-like particle cholesterol of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(m) a reduction in oxidized LDL of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(n) substantially no change, no significant change, or a reduction (e.g. in the case of a diabetic subject) in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(o) substantially no change, no significant change or a reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, or at least about 50% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(p) a reduction in homeostasis model index insulin resistance of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(q) a reduction in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(r) a reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(s) a reduction in interleukin-6 of at least about 5%, at least about 10° A, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(t) a reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(u) a reduction in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(v) an increase in serum, plasma and/or RBC EPA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 200% or at least about 400% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(w) an increase in serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell membrane EPA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 200%, or at least about 400% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(x) a reduction or increase in one or more of serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell DHA, DPA, AA, PA and/or OA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(y) a reduction in total cholesterol of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(z) a reduction in membrane cholesterol domain formation of at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or control;

(aa) a reduction in oxidative modification of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids of at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or control;

(bb) a reduction in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or to a control arm;

(cc) an improvement in a prostate ultrasound diagnostic of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or to a control arm;

(dd) an improvement in a prostate MRI diagnostic of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or to a control arm;

(ee) an improvement in biopsy diagnostic of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or to a control arm;

(ff) a reduction in Gleason score of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or to a control arm; and/or

(gg) a reduction in prostate tumor grade of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or to a control arm.

In one embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise measuring baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(gg) prior to dosing the subject or subject group. In another embodiment, the methods comprise administering a composition as disclosed herein to the subject after baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(gg) are determined, and subsequently taking a second measurement of the one or more markers as measured at baseline for comparison thereto.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits any 2 or more of, any 3 or more of, any 4 or more of, any 5 or more of, any 6 or more of, any 7 or more of, any 8 or more of, any 9 or more of, any 10 or more of, any 11 or more of, any 12 or more of, any 13 or more of, any 14 or more of, any 15 or more of, any 16 or more of, any 17 or more of, any 18 or more of, any 19 or more of, any 20 or more of, any 21 or more of, any 22 or more of, any 23 or more of, any 24 or more of, any 25 or more of, any 26 or more of, any 27 or more of, any 28 or more of, any 29 or more of, any 30 or more of, any 31 or more of, any 32 or more of, or all 33 of outcomes (a)-(gg) described immediately above.

Parameters (a)-(gg) can be measured in accordance with any clinically acceptable methodology. For example, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C and fasting blood sugar can be sample from serum and analyzed using standard photometry techniques. VLDL-TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C can be calculated or determined using serum lipoprotein fractionation by preparative ultracentrifugation and subsequent quantitative analysis by refractometry or by analytic ultracentrifugal methodology. Apo A1, Apo B and hsCRP can be determined from serum using standard nephelometry techniques. Lipoprotein (a) can be determined from serum using standard turbidimetric immunoassay techniques. LDL particle number and particle size can be determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Remnants lipoproteins and LDL-phospholipase A2 can be determined from EDTA plasma or serum and serum, respectively, using enzymatic immunoseparation techniques. Oxidized LDL, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6 levels can be determined from serum using standard enzyme immunoassay techniques. These techniques are described in detail in standard textbooks, for example Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Burtis, Ashwood and Borter Eds.), WB Saunders Company.

In one embodiment, subjects fast for up to 12 hours prior to blood sample collection, for example about 10 hours.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing primary hypercholesterolemia and/or mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein. In a related embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing triglyceride levels in a subject or subjects when treatment with a statin or niacin extended-release monotherapy is considered inadequate (Frederickson type IV hyperlipidemia). In some embodiments, the patient has prostate cancer or is at risk of developing prostate cancer (e.g., has one or more risk factors associated with prostate cancer).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing risk of recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction in a patient with a history of myocardial infarction, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of slowing progression of or promoting regression of atherosclerotic disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof one or more compositions as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the subject has prostate cancer or is at risk of developing prostate cancer (e.g., has one or more risk factors associated with prostate cancer).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing very high serum triglyceride levels (e.g. Types IV and V hyperlipidemia) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the patient has prostate cancer or is at risk of developing prostate cancer (e.g., has one or more risk factors associated with prostate cancer).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating subjects having very high serum triglyceride levels (e.g. greater than 1000 mg/dl or greater than 2000 mg/dl) and that are at risk of developing pancreatitis, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the subjects have prostate cancer or is at risk of developing prostate cancer (e.g., has one or more risk factors associated with prostate cancer).

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention is administered to a subject in an amount sufficient to provide a daily dose of eicosapentaenoic acid of about 1 mg to about 10,000 mg, 25 about 5000 mg, about 50 to about 3000 mg, about 75 mg to about 2500 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, for example about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, about 500 mg, about 525 mg, about 550 mg, about 575 mg, about 600 mg, about 625 mg, about 650 mg, about 675 mg, about 700 mg, about 725 mg, about 750 mg, about 775 mg, about 800 mg, about 825 mg, about 850 mg, about 875 mg, about 900 mg, about 925 mg, about 950 mg, about 975 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1225 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1275 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1325 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1375 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1425 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1475 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1525 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1575 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1625 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1675 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1725 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1775 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1825 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1875 mg, about 1900 mg, about 1925 mg, about 1950 mg, about 1975 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2025 mg, about 2050 mg, about 2075 mg, about 2100 mg, about 2125 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2175 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2225 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2275 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2325 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2375 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2425 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2475 mg, about 2500 mg, 2525 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2575 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2625 mg, about 2650 mg, about 2675 mg, about 2700 mg, about 2725 mg, about 2750 mg, about 2775 mg, about 2800 mg, about 2825 mg, about 2850 mg, about 2875 mg, about 2900 mg, about 2925 mg, about 2950 mg, about 2975 mg, about 3000 mg, about 3025 mg, about 3050 mg, about 3075 mg, about 3100 mg, about 3125 mg, about 3150 mg, about 3175 mg, about 3200 mg, about 3225 mg, about 3250 mg, about 3275 mg, about 3300 mg, about 3325 mg, about 3350 mg, about 3375 mg, about 3400 mg, about 3425 mg, about 3450 mg, about 3475 mg, about 3500 mg, about 3525 mg, about 3550 mg, about 3575 mg, about 3600 mg, about 3625 mg, about 3650 mg, about 3675 mg, about 3700 mg, about 3725 mg, about 3750 mg, about 3775 mg, about 3800 mg, about 3825 mg, about 3850 mg, about 3875 mg, about 3900 mg, about 3925 mg, about 3950 mg, about 3975 mg, about 4000 mg, about 4025 mg, about 4050 mg, about 4075 mg, about 4100 mg, about 4125 mg, about 4150 mg, about 4175 mg, about 4200 mg, about 4225 mg, about 4250 mg, about 4275 mg, about 4300 mg, about 4325 mg, about 4350 mg, about 4375 mg, about 4400 mg, about 4425 mg, about 4450 mg, about 4475 mg, about 4500 mg, about 4525 mg, about 4550 mg, about 4575 mg, about 4600 mg, about 4625 mg, about 4650 mg, about 4675 mg, about 4700 mg, about 4725 mg, about 4750 mg, about 4775 mg, about 4800 mg, about 4825 mg, about 4850 mg, about 4875 mg, about 4900 mg, about 4925 mg, about 4950 mg, about 4975 mg, about 5000 mg, about 5025 mg, about 5050 mg, about 5075 mg, about 5100 mg, about 5125 mg, about 5150 mg, about 5175 mg, about 5200 mg, about 5225 mg, about 5250 mg, about 5275 mg, about 5300 mg, about 5325 mg, about 5350 mg, about 5375 mg, about 5400 mg, about 5425 mg, about 5450 mg, about 5475 mg, about 5500 mg, about 5525 mg, about 5550 mg, about 5575 mg, about 5600 mg, about 5625 mg, about 5650 mg, about 5675 mg, about 5700 mg, about 5725 mg, about 5750 mg, about 5775 mg, about 5800 mg, about 5825 mg, about 5850 mg, about 5875 mg, about 5900 mg, about 5925 mg, about 5950 mg, about 5975 mg, about 6000 mg, about 6025 mg, about 6050 mg, about 6075 mg, about 6100 mg, about 6125 mg, about 6150 mg, about 6175 mg, about 6200 mg, about 6225 mg, about 6250 mg, about 6275 mg, about 6300 mg, about 6325 mg, about 6350 mg, about 6375 mg, about 6400 mg, about 6425 mg, about 6450 mg, about 6475 mg, about 6500 mg, about 6525 mg, about 6550 mg, about 6575 mg, about 6600 mg, about 6625 mg, about 6650 mg, about 6675 mg, about 6700 mg, about 6725 mg, about 6750 mg, about 6775 mg, about 6800 mg, about 6825 mg, about 6850 mg, about 6875 mg, about 6900 mg, about 6925 mg, about 6950 mg, about 6975 mg, about 7000 mg, about 7025 mg, about 7050 mg, about 7075 mg, about 7100 mg, about 7125 mg, about 7150 mg, about 7175 mg, about 7200 mg, about 7225 mg, about 7250 mg, about 7275 mg, about 7300 mg, about 7325 mg, about 7350 mg, about 7375 mg, about 7400 mg, about 7425 mg, about 7450 mg, about 7475 mg, about 7500 mg, about 7525 mg, about 7550 mg, about 7575 mg, about 7600 mg, about 7625 mg, about 7650 mg, about 7675 mg, about 7700 mg, about 7725 mg, about 7750 mg, about 7775 mg, about 7800 mg, about 7825 mg, about 7850 mg, about 7875 mg, about 7900 mg, about 7925 mg, about 7950 mg, about 7975 mg, about 8000 mg, about 8025 mg, about 8050 mg, about 8075 mg, about 8100 mg, about 8125 mg, about 8150 mg, about 8175 mg, about 8200 mg, about 8225 mg, about 8250 mg, about 8275 mg, about 8300 mg, about 8325 mg, about 8350 mg, about 8375 mg, about 8400 mg, about 8425 mg, about 8450 mg, about 8475 mg, about 8500 mg, about 8525 mg, about 8550 mg, about 8575 mg, about 8600 mg, about 8625 mg, about 8650 mg, about 8675 mg, about 8700 mg, about 8725 mg, about 8750 mg, about 8775 mg, about 8800 mg, about 8825 mg, about 8850 mg, about 8875 mg, about 8900 mg, about 8925 mg, about 8950 mg, about 8975 mg, about 9000 mg, about 9025 mg, about 9050 mg, about 9075 mg, about 9100 mg, about 9125 mg, about 9150 mg, about 9175 mg, about 9200 mg, about 9225 mg, about 9250 mg, about 9275 mg, about 9300 mg, about 9325 mg, about 9350 mg, about 9375 mg, about 9400 mg, about 9425 mg, about 9450 mg, about 9475 mg, about 9500 mg, about 9525 mg, about 9550 mg, about 9575 mg, about 9600 mg, about 9625 mg, about 9650 mg, about 9675 mg, about 9700 mg, about 9725 mg, about 9750 mg, about 9775 mg, about 9800 mg, about 9825 mg, about 9850 mg, about 9875 mg, about 9900 mg, about 9925 mg, about 9950 mg, about 9975 mg, or about 10,000 mg.

In another embodiment, any of the methods disclosed herein are used in treatment or prevention of a subject or subjects that consume a traditional Western diet. In one embodiment, the methods of the invention include a step of identifying a subject as a Western diet consumer or prudent diet consumer and then treating the subject if the subject is deemed a Western diet consumer. The term “Western diet” herein refers generally to a typical diet consisting of, by percentage of total calories, about 45% to about 50% carbohydrate, about 35% to about 40% fat, and about 10% to about 15% protein. A Western diet may alternately or additionally be characterized by relatively high intakes of red and processed meats, sweets, refined grains, and desserts, for example more than 50%, more than 60% or more or 70% of total calories come from these sources.

In one embodiment, a composition for use in methods of the invention comprises eicosapentaenoic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, derivative, conjugate or salt thereof, or mixtures of any of the foregoing, collectively referred to herein as “EPA.” The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the present context means that the substance in question does not produce unacceptable toxicity to the subject or interaction with other components of the composition.

In one embodiment, the EPA comprises all-cis eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises an eicosapentaenoic acid ester. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises a C1-C5 alkyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester, eicosapentaenoic acid propyl ester, or eicosapentaenoic acid butyl ester. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises In one embodiment, the EPA comprises all-cis eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid ethyl ester.

In another embodiment, the EPA is in the form of ethyl-EPA, lithium EPA, mono-, di- or triglyceride EPA or any other ester or salt of EPA, or the free acid form of EPA. The EPA may also be in the form of a 2-substituted derivative or other derivative which slows down its rate of oxidation but does not otherwise change its biological action to any substantial degree.

In another embodiment, EPA is present in a composition useful in accordance with methods of the invention in an amount of about 50 mg to about 5000 mg, about 75 mg to about 2500 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, for example about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, about 500 mg, about 525 mg, about 550 mg, about 575 mg, about 600 mg, about 625 mg, about 650 mg, about 675 mg, about 700 mg, about 725 mg, about 750 mg, about 775 mg, about 800 mg, about 825 mg, about 850 mg, about 875 mg, about 900 mg, about 925 mg, about 950 mg, about 975 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1225 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1275 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1325 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1375 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1425 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1475 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1525 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1575 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1625 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1675 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1725 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1775 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1825 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1875 mg, about 1900 mg, about 1925 mg, about 1950 mg, about 1975 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2025 mg, about 2050 mg, about 2075 mg, about 2100 mg, about 2125 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2175 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2225 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2275 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2325 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2375 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2425 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2475 mg, about 2500 mg, about 2525 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2575 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2625 mg, about 2650 mg, about 2675 mg, about 2700 mg, about 2725 mg, about 2750 mg, about 2775 mg, about 2800 mg, about 2825 mg, about 2850 mg, about 2875 mg, about 2900 mg, about 2925 mg, about 2950 mg, about 2975 mg, about 3000 mg, about 3025 mg, about 3050 mg, about 3075 mg, about 3100 mg, about 3125 mg, about 3150 mg, about 3175 mg, about 3200 mg, about 3225 mg, about 3250 mg, about 3275 mg, about 3300 mg, about 3325 mg, about 3350 mg, about 3375 mg, about 3400 mg, about 3425 mg, about 3450 mg, about 3475 mg, about 3500 mg, about 3525 mg, about 3550 mg, about 3575 mg, about 3600 mg, about 3625 mg, about 3650 mg, about 3675 mg, about 3700 mg, about 3725 mg, about 3750 mg, about 3775 mg, about 3800 mg, about 3825 mg, about 3850 mg, about 3875 mg, about 3900 mg, about 3925 mg, about 3950 mg, about 3975 mg, about 4000 mg, about 4025 mg, about 4050 mg, about 4075 mg, about 4100 mg, about 4125 mg, about 4150 mg, about 4175 mg, about 4200 mg, about 4225 mg, about 4250 mg, about 4275 mg, about 4300 mg, about 4325 mg, about 4350 mg, about 4375 mg, about 4400 mg, about 4425 mg, about 4450 mg, about 4475 mg, about 4500 mg, about 4525 mg, about 4550 mg, about 4575 mg, about 4600 mg, about 4625 mg, about 4650 mg, about 4675 mg, about 4700 mg, about 4725 mg, about 4750 mg, about 4775 mg, about 4800 mg, about 4825 mg, about 4850 mg, about 4875 mg, about 4900 mg, about 4925 mg, about 4950 mg, about 4975 mg, or about 5000 mg.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention contains not more than about 10%, not more than about 9%, not more than about 8%, not more than about 7%, not more than about 6%, not more than about 5%, not more than about 4%, not more than about 3%, not more than about 2%, not more than about 1%, or not more than about 0.5%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), if any. In another embodiment, a composition of the invention contains substantially no docosahexaenoic acid. In still another embodiment, a composition useful in the present invention contains no docosahexaenoic acid and/or derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, EPA comprises at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, in a composition that is useful in methods of the present invention.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises ultra-pure EPA. The term “ultra-pure” as used herein with respect to EPA refers to a composition comprising at least 95%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, EPA (as the term “EPA” is defined and exemplified herein). Ultra-pure EPA comprises at least 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, EPA, at least 97%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, EPA, or at least 98%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, EPA, wherein the EPA is any form of EPA as set forth herein.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with methods of the invention contains less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.5% or less than 0.25%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, of any fatty acid other than EPA. Illustrative examples of a “fatty acid other than EPA” include linolenic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), stearadonic acid (STA), eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) and/or docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with methods of the invention contains about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 3%, or about 1% to about 2%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, other than EPA and/or DHA.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention has one or more of the following features: (a) eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester represents at least about 96%, at least about 97%, or at least about 98%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, in the composition; (b) the composition contains not more than about 4%, not more than about 3%, or not more than about 2%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, other than eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; (c) the composition contains not more than about 0.6%, not more than about 0.5%, or not more than about 0.4%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, of any individual fatty acid other than eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; (d) the composition has a refractive index (20° C.) of about 1 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.8 or about 1.4 to about 1.5; (e) the composition has a specific gravity (20° C.) of about 0.8 to about 1.0, about 0.85 to about 0.95 or about 0.9 to about 0.92; (e) the composition contains not more than about 20 ppm, not more than about 15 ppm or not more than about 10 ppm heavy metals, (f) the composition contains not more than about 5 ppm, not more than about 4 ppm, not more than about 3 ppm, or not more than about 2 ppm arsenic, and/or (g) the composition has a peroxide value of not more than about 5 meq/kg, not more than about 4 meq/kg, not more than about 3 meq/kg, or not more than about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention comprises, consists of or consists essentially of at least 95%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA-E), about 0.2% to about 0.5%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl octadecatetraenoate (ODTA-E), about 0.05% to about 0.25%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl nonadecapentaenoate (NDPA-E), about 0.2% to about 0.45%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl arachidonate (AA-E), about 0.3% to about 0.5%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosatetraenoate (ETA-E), and about 0.05% to about 0.32%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl heneicosapentaenoate (HPA-E). In another embodiment, the composition is present in a capsule shell.

In another embodiment, compositions useful in accordance with the invention comprise, consist essential of, or consist of at least 95%, 96% or 97%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.2% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.05% to about 0.25%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.2% to about 0.45%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl arachidonate, about 0.3% to about 0.5%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosatetraenoate, and about 0.05% to about 0.32%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) or other impurities in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, about 500 mg to about 1 g of the composition is provided in a capsule shell.

In another embodiment, compositions useful in accordance with the invention comprise, consist essential of, or consist of at least 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.22% to about 0.4%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.075% to about 0.20%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.40%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl arachidonate, about 0.3% to about 0.4%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosatetraenoate and about 0.075% to about 0.25%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) or other impurities in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, the invention provides a dosage form comprising about 500 mg to about 1 g of the foregoing composition in a capsule shell. In one embodiment, the dosage form is a gel or liquid capsule and is packaged in blister packages of about 1 to about 20 capsules per sheet.

In another embodiment, compositions useful in accordance with the invention comprise, consist essential of, or consist of at least 96%, 97% or 98%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.38%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.10% to about 0.15%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.35%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl arachidonate, about 0.31% to about 0.38%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosatetraenoate, and about 0.08% to about 0.20%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) or other impurities in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, the invention provides a dosage form comprising about 500 mg to about 1 g of the foregoing composition in a capsule shell.

In another embodiment, a composition as described herein is administered to a subject once or twice per day. In another embodiment, 1, 2, 3 or 4 capsules, each containing about 1 g of a composition as described herein, are administered to a subject daily. In another embodiment, 1 or 2 capsules, each containing about 1 g of a composition as described herein, are administered to the subject in the morning, for example between about 5 am and about 11 am, and 1 or 2 capsules, each containing about 1 g of a composition as described herein, are administered to the subject in the evening, for example between about 5 pm and about 11 pm.

In one embodiment, a subject being treated in accordance with methods of the invention is not otherwise on lipid-altering therapy, for example statin, fibrate, niacin and/or ezetimibe therapy. In another embodiment, a subject being treated in accordance with methods of the invention is not otherwise on prostate cancer prevention or treatment therapy.

In another embodiment, compositions useful in accordance with methods of the invention are orally deliverable. The terms “orally deliverable” or “oral administration” herein include any form of delivery of a therapeutic agent or a composition thereof to a subject wherein the agent or composition is placed in the mouth of the subject, whether or not the agent or composition is swallowed. Thus “oral administration” includes buccal and sublingual as well as esophageal administration. In one embodiment, the composition is present in a capsule, for example a soft gelatin capsule.

In one embodiment, administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (or a derivative thereof) effects a reduction in or elimination of the prevalence and/or severity (e.g., frequency of occurrence and/or intensity) of one or more side effects commonly associated with prostate cancer therapy. In one embodiment, administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (or a derivative thereof to a subject or a subject group effects a reduction in or elimination of one or more of: urinary dysfunction, bowel dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, loss of fertility, pain, fatigue, loss of energy, numbness and/or weakness in toes or fingers (e.g., neuropathy), bleeding, anemia, reduced heart function, hair loss, diarrhea, nail changes, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, fluid retention, headache, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, skin irritation, enlarged pores, darkening of the skin, increased skin sensitivity, decrease skin sensitivity, thickening of skin tissue, incontinence, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, and/or proctitis. In some embodiments, the reduction or elimination of the one or more side effect is statistically significant compared to a subject or a subject group receiving the glucosamine but not the eicosapentaenoic acid (or derivative thereof).

In some embodiments, a method of treating and/or preventing prostate cancer in a subject according to the present invention comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In other embodiments, a method of reducing triglycerides in a subject on glucosamine therapy according to the present invention comprises administering to the subject about 1 to about 4 capsules per day, each capsule comprising about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the capsules comprise at least about 80%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate.

In some embodiments, the subject has a fasting baseline triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the second subject or second subject group has a fasting baseline triglyceride level or a mean or median fasting baseline triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the subject has a fasting baseline triglyceride level of at least 500 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the second subject or second subject group has a fasting baseline triglyceride level or a mean or median fasting baseline triglyceride level of at least 500 mg/dl. In some embodiments, triglycerides are reduced in the subject with no increase in an LDL-C level in the subject. In some embodiments, the reduction in triglycerides and the no increase in LDL-C level is in comparison to baseline or to a second subject or subject group that has received glucosamine but not the ethyl eicosapentaenoate.

A composition for use in accordance with the invention can be formulated as one or more dosage units. The terms “dose unit” and “dosage unit” herein refer to a portion of a pharmaceutical composition that contains an amount of a therapeutic agent suitable for a single administration to provide a therapeutic effect. Such dosage units may be administered one to a plurality (i.e. 1 to about 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4 or 1 to 2) of times per day, or as many times as needed to elicit a therapeutic response.

In another embodiment, the invention provides use of any composition described herein for treating moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemia and/or for treating or preventing prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising: providing a subject having a fasting baseline triglyceride level of 500 mg/dl to about 1500 mg/dl and administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In one embodiment, the composition comprises about 1 g to about 4 g of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, wherein the composition contains substantially no docosahexaenoic acid. In some embodiments, cholesterol domain formation in membranes of the subject is reduced or prevented. In some embodiments, the subject experiences no substantial increase, or no increase, or a reduction, in LDL-C levels.

In another embodiment, the invention provides use of any composition described herein for treating moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemia and/or for treating or preventing prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising: providing a subject on statin therapy and having a fasting baseline triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl and administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In one embodiment, the composition comprises about 1 g to about 4 g of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, wherein the composition contains substantially no docosahexaenoic acid. In some embodiments, cholesterol domain formation in membranes of the subject is reduced or prevented. In some embodiments, the subject experiences no substantial increase, or no increase, or a reduction, in LDL-C levels.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention, upon storage in a closed container maintained at room temperature, refrigerated (e.g. about 5 to about 5-10° C.) temperature, or frozen for a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months, exhibit at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97.5%, or at least about 99% of the active ingredient(s) originally present therein.

In one embodiment, the invention provides use of a composition as described herein in manufacture of a medicament for treatment of any of a cardiovascular-related disease and/or for treating or preventing prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the subject is diabetic.

In one embodiment, a composition as set forth herein is packaged together with instructions for using the composition to treat a cardiovascular disorder and/or for treating or preventing prostate cancer.

In one embodiment, a method of treating or preventing prostate cancer in a subject is provided, the method comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, triglycerides are reduced in the subject with no increase in an LDL-C level in the subject In some embodiments, the reduction in triglycerides and the no increase in LDL-C level is in comparison to baseline, or in comparison to a second subject or subject group that has received a prostate cancer therapy but not the ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the subject has a fasting baseline triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the second subject or second subject group has a fasting baseline triglyceride level or a mean or median fasting baseline triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the subject has a fasting baseline triglyceride level of at least 500 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the second subject or second subject group has a fasting baseline triglyceride level or a mean or median fasting baseline triglyceride level of at least 500 mg/dl In some embodiments, docosahexaenoic acid and its esters represent no more than about 20%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 5%, or no more than about 3%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present in the pharmaceutical composition.

In another embodiment, a method of treating or preventing prostate cancer in a subject is provided, the method comprising administering to the subject about 1 to about 4 capsules per day, each capsule comprising about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the capsules comprise at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, triglycerides are reduced in the subject with no increase in an LDL-C level in the subject In some embodiments, the reduction in triglycerides and the no increase in LDL-C level is in comparison to baseline, or in comparison to a second subject or subject group that has received a prostate cancer therapy but not the ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the subject has a fasting baseline triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the second subject or second subject group has a fasting baseline triglyceride level or a mean or median fasting baseline triglyceride level of about 200 mg/dl to 499 mg/dl. In some embodiments, the subject has a fasting baseline triglyceride level of at least 500mg/dl. In some embodiments, the second subject or second subject group has a fasting baseline triglyceride level or a mean or median fasting baseline triglyceride level of at least 500 mg/dl In some embodiments, docosahexaenoic acid and its esters represent no more than about 20%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 5%, or no more than about 3%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present in the capsules.

In any method disclosed herein, the subject may have a risk factor associated with prostate cancer. In some embodiments, the risk factor is selected from the group consisting of: a genetic risk factor, a family history risk factor, a dietary risk factor, a viral risk factor, a sexual-related risk factor, a risk factor associated with exposure to medication, and a risk factor associated with a medical procedure. In some embodiments, the risk factor is a genetic risk factor comprising a mutation in BRCA1, a mutation in BRCA2, a mutation in HPC1, a mutation in the androgen receptor, a mutation in the vitamin D receptor, overexpression of one or more ETS transcription factors, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of PTEN, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of KAI1, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of E-cadherin, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of CD44, a TT allele pair at SNP rs10993994, a mutation in the promoter region of the MSMB gene, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the risk factor is a family history risk factor comprising diagnosis of prostate cancer in a close relative of the subject. In some embodiments, the relative is a first-degree relative. In some embodiments, the risk factor is a dietary risk factor comprising high consumption of meat, low consumption of vitamin D, high consumption of fish and/or seafood, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fish and/or seafood is high in omega-3 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the risk factor is a viral risk factor comprising exposure to a retrovirus associated with human prostate tumors. In some embodiments, the retrovirus is Xenotropic MuLV-related virus (XMRV). In some embodiments, the risk factor is a sexual-related risk factor comprising a high number of sexual partners, early onset of sexual activity, presence or diagnosis of a sexually-transmissible infection (STI), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the STI is HPV-16, HPV-18, HSV-2, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and/or syphilis. In some embodiments, the risk factor is a risk factor associated with exposure to medication comprising use or discontinuance of use of a statin, an elevated level of testosterone, exposure to Agent Orange, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the risk factor is a risk factor associated with a medical procedure comprises vasectomy.

In some embodiments, the risk factor associated with prostate cancer is identified before administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having prostate cancer before administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject.

In some embodiments, a method of the present disclosure further comprises providing the subject with a prostate cancer therapy selected from the group consisting of: surveillance, surgery, radiation, ultrasound, chemotherapy, cryotherapy, primary hormone therapy, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the radiation comprises brachytherapy, proton therapy and/or external beam radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises administering to the subject temozolomide, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, ketoconazole, abiraterone, bevacizumab, thalidomide, prednisone, sipuleucel-T, enzalutamide, ZD5054 (Zibotensan), atrasentan (Xinlay), OGX-11, finasteride, dutasteride, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises administering to the subject a combination of bevacizumab, docetaxel, thalidomide and prednisone. In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises administering to the subject a combination of abiraterone and prednisone, optionally wherein the subject has previously been treated with docetaxel.

In some embodiments, a method according to the present disclosure comprises co-administering to a subject in need thereof a prostate cancer drug(s) and ethyl eicosapentaenoate. Co-administration of a prostate cancer drug and eicosapentaenoic acid (or a derivative thereof) can be accomplished by any suitable means. For example, and without limitation, the prostate cancer drug can be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with the eicosapentaenoic acid (or derivative thereof). In some embodiments, the prostate cancer drug and the eicosapentaenoic acid (or derivative thereof) are co-administered in an oral dosage form, such as by oral capsule (e.g., a gelatin capsule). Alternatively, the prostate cancer drug may be co-administered with the eicosapentaenoic acid (or derivative thereof) in separate dosage forms. For example, in one such embodiment the eicosapentaenoic acid (or derivative thereof) is orally administered (e.g., in oral capsule or gelatin capsule form), while the prostate cancer drug is administered topically (e.g., to ophthalmic or mucous membranes), pulmonarily (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols), or parenterally (e.g., intravenously, intraarterially, subcutaneously, by intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion, or intracranially).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises reducing or discontinuing the prostate cancer therapy after administration of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the prostate cancer therapy is reduced or discontinued after administration of the pharmaceutical composition for a period of time effective to reduce a prostate cancer diagnostic result associated with the subject. In some embodiments, the prostate cancer diagnostic result is one or more of: a PSA score, a prostate ultrasound image, a prostate MRI image, a biopsy sample, a Gleason score, and a prostate tumor grade. In some embodiments, the period of time is less than about 6 months, for example about 6 months, about 5 months, about 4 months, about 3 months, about 2 months, or about 1 month. In some embodiments, the period of time is about 1 week to about 100 weeks, for example about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 11 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 13 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 17 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 19 weeks, about 20 weeks, about 21 weeks, about 22 weeks, about 23 weeks, about 24 weeks, about 25 weeks, about 26 weeks, about 27 weeks, about 28 weeks, about 29 weeks, about 30 weeks, about 31 weeks, about 32 weeks, about 33 weeks, about 34 weeks, about 35 weeks, about 36 weeks, about 37 weeks, about 38 weeks, about 39 weeks, about 40 weeks, about 41 weeks, about 42 weeks, about 43 weeks, about 44 weeks, about 45 weeks, about 46 weeks, about 47 weeks, about 48 weeks, about 49 weeks, about 50 weeks, about 51 weeks, about 52 weeks, about 53 weeks, about 54 weeks, about 55 weeks, about 56 weeks, about 57 weeks, about 58 weeks, about 59 weeks, about 60 weeks, about 61 weeks, about 62 weeks, about 63 weeks, about 64 weeks, about 65 weeks, about 66 weeks, about 67 weeks, about 68 weeks, about 69 weeks, about 70 weeks, about 71 weeks, about 72 weeks, about 73 weeks, about 74 weeks, about 75 weeks, about 76 weeks, about 77 weeks, about 78 weeks, about 79 weeks, about 80 weeks, about 81 weeks, about 82 weeks, about 83 weeks, about 84 weeks, about 85 weeks, about 86 weeks, about 87 weeks, about 88 weeks, about 89 weeks, about 90 weeks, about 91 weeks, about 92 weeks, about 93 weeks, about 94 weeks, about 95 weeks, about 96 weeks, about 97 weeks, about 98 weeks, about 99 weeks, or about 100 weeks.

In some embodiments, the subject has an elevated PSA level before administration of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the elevated PSA level is a baseline PSA level of at least about 2.5 ng/mL, at least about 3 ng/ml, or at least about 4 ng/ml in a blood sample associated with the subject. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining a second, lower PSA level associated with the subject after administration of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject for a period of time effective to reduce the PSA level by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% compared to the baseline PSA level. In some embodiments, the period of time is less than about 6 months, for example about 6 months, about 5 months, about 4 months, about 3 months, about 2 months, or about 1 month. In some embodiments, the period of time is about 1 week to about 100 weeks, for example about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 11 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 13 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 17 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 19 weeks, about 20 weeks, about 21 weeks, about 22 weeks, about 23 weeks, about 24 weeks, about 25 weeks, about 26weeks, about 27 weeks, about 28 weeks, about 29 weeks, about 30 weeks, about 31 weeks, about 32 weeks, about 33 weeks, about 34 weeks, about 35 weeks, about 36 weeks, about 37 weeks, about 38 weeks, about 39 weeks, about 40 weeks, about 41 weeks, about 42 weeks, about 43 weeks, about 44 weeks, about 45 weeks, about 46 weeks, about 47 weeks, about 48 weeks, about 49 weeks, about 50 weeks, about 51 weeks, about 52 weeks, about 53 weeks, about 54 weeks, about 55 weeks, about 56 weeks, about 57 weeks, about 58 weeks, about 59 weeks, about 60 weeks, about 61 weeks, about 62 weeks, about 63 weeks, about 64 weeks, about 65 weeks, about 66 weeks, about 67 weeks, about 68 weeks, about 69 weeks, about 70 weeks, about 71 weeks, about 72 weeks, about 73 weeks, about 74 weeks, about 75 weeks, about 76 weeks, about 77 weeks, about 78 weeks, about 79 weeks, about 80 weeks, about 81 weeks, about 82 weeks, about 83 weeks, about 84 weeks, about 85 weeks, about 86 weeks, about 87 weeks, about 88 weeks, about 89 weeks, about 90 weeks, about 91 weeks, about 92 weeks, about 93 weeks, about 94 weeks, about 95 weeks, about 96 weeks, about 97 weeks, about 98 weeks, about 99 weeks, or about 100 weeks.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A multi-center, placebo-controlled randomized, double-blind, 12-week study with an open-label extension was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AMR101 in patients with fasting triglyceride levels ≥500 mg/dL. The primary objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of AMR101 2 g daily and 4 g daily, compared to placebo, in lowering fasting TG levels in patients with fasting TG levels ≥500 mg/dL and ≤1500 mg/dL (≥5.65 mmol/L and ≤16.94 mmol/L).

The secondary objectives of this study were the following:

-   -   To determine the safety and tolerability of AMR101 2 g daily and         4 g daily;     -   To determine the effect of AMR101 on lipid and apolipoprotein         profiles;     -   To determine the effect of AMR101 on low-density lipoprotein         (LDL) particle number and size;     -   To determine the effect of AMR101 on oxidized LDL;     -   To determine the effect of AMR101 on fasting plasma glucose         (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c);     -   To determine the effect of AMR101 on insulin resistance;     -   To determine the effect of AMR101 on high-sensitivity C-reactive         protein (hsCRP);     -   To determine the effects of AMR101 2 g daily and 4 g daily on         the incorporation of fatty acids into red blood cell membranes         and into plasma phospholipids;     -   To explore the relationship between baseline fasting TG levels         and the reduction in fasting TG levels; and     -   To explore the relationship between an increase in red blood         cell membrane eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations and the         reduction in fasting TG levels.

The population for this study was men and women (women of childbearing potential needed to be on contraception or practice abstinence) >18 years of age with a body mass index ≤45 kg/m² who were not on lipid altering therapy or were not currently on lipid altering therapy. Patients currently on statin therapy (with or without ezetimibe) were evaluated by the investigator as to whether this therapy could be safely discontinued at screening, or if it should have been continued. If statin therapy (with or without ezetimibe) was to be continued, dose(s) must have been stable for ≥4 weeks prior to randomization. Patients taking non-statin, lipid-altering medications (niacin >200 mg/day, fibrates, fish oil, other products containing omega 3 fatty acids, or other herbal products or dietary supplements with potential lipid altering effects), either alone or in combination with statin therapy (with or without ezetimibe), must have been able to safely discontinue non-statin, lipid altering therapy at screening.

Approximately 240 patients were randomized at approximately 50 centers in North America, South America, Central America, Europe, India, and South Africa. The study was a 58- to 60-week, Phase 3, multi-center study consisting of 3 study periods: (1) a 6- to 8-week screening period that included a diet and lifestyle stabilization and washout period and a TG qualifying period; (2) a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled treatment period; and (3) a 40-week, open-label, extension period.

During the screening period and double-blind treatment period, all visits were within ±3 days of the scheduled time. During the open-label extension period, all visits were within ±7 days of the scheduled time. The screening period included a 4- or 6-week diet and lifestyle stabilization period and washout period followed by a 2-week TG qualifying period.

The screening visit (Visit 1) occurred for all patients at either 6 weeks (for patients not on lipid-altering therapy at screening or for patients who did not need to discontinue their current lipid-altering therapy) or 8 weeks (for patients who required washout of their current lipid altering therapy at screening) before randomization, as follows:

Patients who did not require a washout: The screening visit will occur at Visit 1 (Week −6). Eligible patients entered a 4 week diet and lifestyle stabilization period. At the screening visit, all patients received counseling regarding the importance of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet and received instructions on how to follow this diet. Patients who required a washout: The screening visit occurred at Visit 1 (Week −8). Eligible patients began a 6 week washout period at the screening visit. Patients received counseling regarding the NCEP TLC diet and received instructions on how to follow this diet. Site personnel contacted patients who did not qualify for participation based on screening laboratory test results to instruct them to resume their prior lipid altering medications.

At the end of the 4-week diet and lifestyle stabilization period or the 6-week diet and stabilization and washout period, eligible patients entered the 2-week TG qualifying period and had their fasting TG level measured at Visit 2 (Week −2) and Visit 3 (Week −1). Eligible patients must have had an average fasting TG level ≥500 mg/dL and ≤1500 mg/dL (≥5.65 mmol/L and ≤16.94 mmol/L) to enter the 12 week double blind treatment period. The TG level for qualification was based on the average (arithmetic mean) of the Visit 2 (Week −2) and Visit 3 (Week −1) values. If a patient's average TG level from Visit 2 and Visit 3 fell outside the required range for entry into the study, an additional sample for fasting TG measurement was collected 1 week later at Visit 3.1. If a third sample was collected at Visit 3.1, entry into the study was based on the average (arithmetic mean) of the values from Visit 3 and Visit 3.1.

After confirmation of qualifying fasting TG values, eligible patients entered a 12-week, randomized, double-blind treatment period. At Visit 4 (Week 0), patients were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups:

-   -   AMR101 2 g daily,     -   AMR101 4 g daily, or     -   Placebo.

During the double-blind treatment period, patients returned to the site at Visit 5 (Week 4), Visit 6 (Week 11), and Visit 7 (Week 12) for efficacy and safety evaluations.

Patients who completed the 12-week double-blind treatment period were eligible to enter a 40 week, open label, extension period at Visit 7 (Week 12). All patients received open label AMR101 4 g daily. From Visit 8 (Week 16) until the end of the study, changes to the lipid-altering regimen were permitted (e.g., initiating or raising the dose of statin or adding non-statin, lipid-altering medications to the regimen), as guided by standard practice and prescribing information. After Visit 8 (Week 16), patients returned to the site every 12 weeks until the last visit at Visit 11 (Week 52).

Eligible patients were randomly assigned at Visit 4 (Week 0) to orally receive AMR101 2 g daily, AMR101 4 g daily, or placebo for the 12-week double-blind treatment period. AMR101 was provided in 1 g liquid-filled, oblong, gelatin capsules. The matching placebo capsule was filled with light liquid paraffin and contained 0 g of AMR101. During the double-blind treatment period, patients took 2 capsules (AMR101 or matching placebo) in the morning and 2 in the evening for a total of 4 capsules per day. Patients in the AMR101 2 g/day treatment group received 1 AMR101 1 g capsule and 1 matching placebo capsule in the morning and in the evening. Patients in the AMR101 4 g/day treatment group received 2 AMR101 1 g capsules in the morning and evening.

Patients in the placebo group received 2 matching placebo capsules in the morning and evening. During the extension period, patients received open-label AMR101 4 g daily. Patients took 2 AMR101 1 g capsules in the morning and 2 in the evening.

The primary efficacy variable for the double-blind treatment period was percent change in TG from baseline to Week 12 endpoint. The secondary efficacy variables for the double-blind treatment period included the following:

-   -   Percent changes in total cholesterol (TC), high-density         lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), calculated low density         lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), calculated non-high-density         lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), and very low-density         lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) from baseline to Week 12         endpoint;     -   Percent change in very low-density lipoprotein TG from baseline         to Week 12;     -   Percent changes in apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), apolipoprotein         B (apo B), and apo A I/apo B ratio from baseline to Week 12;     -   Percent changes in lipoprotein(a) from baseline to Week 12         (selected sites only);     -   Percent changes in LDL particle number and size, measured by         nuclear magnetic resonance, from baseline to Week 12 (selected         sites only);     -   Percent change in remnant-like particle cholesterol from         baseline to Week 12 (selected sites only);     -   Percent change in oxidized LDL from baseline to Week 12         (selected sites only);     -   Changes in FPG and HbA1c from baseline to Week 12;     -   Change in insulin resistance, as assessed by the homeostasis         model index insulin resistance, from baseline to Week 12;     -   Percent change in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 from         baseline to Week 12 (selected sites only);     -   Change in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 from baseline to         Week 12 (selected sites only);     -   Change in interleukin-6 from baseline to Week 12 (selected sites         only);     -   Change in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from baseline to         Week 12 (selected sites only);     -   Change in hsCRP from baseline to Week 12 (selected sites only);     -   Change in serum phospholipid EPA content from baseline to Week         12;     -   Change in red blood cell membrane EPA content from baseline to         Week 12; and     -   Change in serum phospholipid and red blood cell membrane content         in the following fatty acids from baseline to Week 12:         docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid,         palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid.

The efficacy variable for the open-label extension period was percent change in fasting TG from extension baseline to end of treatment. Safety assessments included adverse events, clinical laboratory measurements (chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs), vital signs, and physical examinations

For TG, TC, HDL-C, calculated LDL-C, calculated non-HDL-C, and VLDL-C, baseline was defined as the average of Visit 4 (Week 0) and the preceding lipid qualifying visit (either Visit 3 [Week −1] or if it occurs, Visit 3.1) measurements. Baseline for all other efficacy parameters was the Visit 4 (Week 0) measurement.

For TC, HDL-C, calculated LDL-C, calculated non-HDL-C, and VLDL-C, Week 12 endpoint was defined as the average of Visit 6 (Week 11) and Visit 7 (Week 12) measurements. Week 12 endpoint for all other efficacy parameters was the Visit 7 (Week 12) measurement.

The primary efficacy analysis was performed using a 2-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment as a factor and baseline TG value as a covariate. The least squares mean, standard error, and 2-tailed 95% confidence interval for each treatment group and for each comparison was estimated. The same 2-way ANCOVA model was used for the analysis of secondary efficacy variables.

The primary analysis was repeated for the per-protocol population to confirm the robustness of the results for the intent-to-treat population.

The primary efficacy variable was the percent change in fasting TG levels from baseline to Week 12. A sample size of 69 completed patients per treatment group was expected to provide ≥90% power to detect a difference of 30% between AMR101 and placebo in percent change from baseline in fasting TG levels, assuming a standard deviation of 45% in TG measurements and a significance level of p<0.01. To accommodate a 15% drop-out rate from randomization to completion of the double-blind treatment period, a total of 240 randomized patients was planned (80 patients per treatment group).

Example 2

A multi-center, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, 12-week study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of >96% E-EPA in patients with fasting triglyceride levels ≥200 mg/dl and <500 mg/dl despite statin therapy (the mean of two qualifying entry values needed to be ≥185 mg/dl and at least one of the values needed to be ≥200 mg/dl). The primary objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of >96% E-EPA 2 g daily and 4 g daily, compared to placebo, in lowering fasting TG levels in patients with high risk for cardiovascular disease and with fasting TG levels □200 mg/dl and <500 mg/dl, despite treatment to LDL-C goal on statin therapy.

The secondary objectives of this study were the following:

-   -   To determine the safety and tolerability of >96% E-EPA 2 g daily         and 4 g daily;     -   To determine the effect of >96% E-EPA on lipid and         apolipoprotein profiles including total cholesterol (TC),         non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low         density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density         lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and very high density         lipoprotein cholesterol (VHDL-C);     -   To determine the effect of >96% E-EPA on lipoprotein associated         phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) from baseline to week 12;     -   To determine the effect of >96% E-EPA on low-density lipoprotein         (LDL) particle number and size;     -   To determine the effect of >96% E-EPA on oxidized LDL;     -   To determine the effect of >96% E-EPA on fasting plasma glucose         (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c);     -   To determine the effect of >96% E-EPA on insulin resistance;     -   To determine the effect of >96% E-EPA on high-sensitivity         C-reactive protein (hsCRP);     -   To determine the effects of >96% E-EPA 2 g daily and 4 g daily         on the incorporation of fatty acids into red blood cell         membranes and into plasma phospholipids;     -   To explore the relationship between baseline fasting TG levels         and the reduction in fasting TG levels; and     -   To explore the relationship between changes of fatty acid         concentrations in plasma and red blood cell membranes, and the         reduction in fasting TG levels.

The population for this study was men and women >18 years of age with a body mass index ≤45 kg/m2 with fasting TG levels greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl and less than 500 mg/dl and on a stable does of statin therapy (with or without ezetimibe). The statin was atorvostatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin. The dose of statin must have been stable for weeks prior to the LDL-C/TG baseline qualifying measurement for randomization. The statin dose was optimized such that the patients are at their LDL-C goal at the LDL-C/TG baseline qualifying measurements. The same statin at the same dose was continued until the study ended.

Patients taking any additional non-statin, lipid-altering medications (niacin >200 mg/day, fibrates, fish oil, other products containing omega 3 fatty acids, or other herbal products or dietary supplements with potential lipid altering effects), either alone or in combination with statin therapy (with or without ezetimibe), must have been able to safely discontinue non-statin, lipid altering therapy at screening.

Patients at high risk for CVD, i.e., patients with clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) or clinical CHD risk equivalents (10-year risk >20%) as defined in the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) Guidelines were eligible to participate in this study. Those included patients with any of the following criteria: (1) Known CVD, either clinical coronary heart disease (CHD), symptomatic carotid artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD) or abdominal aortic aneurism; or (2) Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 or 2).

Approximately 702 patients were randomized at approximately 80 centers in the U.S. The study was a 18- to 20-week, Phase 3, multi-center study consisting of 2 study periods: (1) A 6- to 8-week screening period that included a diet and lifestyle stabilization, a non-statin lipid-altering treatment washout, and an LDL-C and TG qualifying period and (2) A 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled treatment period.

During the screening period and double-blind treatment period, all visits were within ±3 days of the scheduled time. All patients continued to take the statin product (with or without ezetimibe) at the same dose they were taking at screening throughout their participation in the study.

The 6- to 8-week screening period included a diet and lifestyle stabilization, a non-statin lipid-altering treatment washout, and an LDL-C and TG qualifying period. The screening visit (Visit 1) occurred for all patients at either 6 weeks (for patients on stable statin therapy [with or without ezetimibe] at screening) or 8 weeks (for patients who will require washout of their current non-statin lipid altering therapy at screening) before randomization, as follows:

-   -   Patients who did not require a washout: The screening visit         occurred at Visit 1 (Week −6). Eligible patients entered a 4         week diet and lifestyle stabilization period. At the screening         visit, all patients received counseling regarding the importance         of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Therapeutic         Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet and received basic instructions on         how to follow this diet.     -   Patients who required a washout: The screening visit occurred at         Visit 1 (Week −8). Eligible patients began a 6 week washout         period at the screening visit (i.e. 6 weeks washout before the         first LDL-C/TG qualifying visit). Patients received counseling         regarding the NCEP TLC diet and received basic instructions on         how to follow this diet. Site personnel contacted patients who         did not qualify for participation based on screening laboratory         test results to instruct them to resume their prior lipid         altering medications.

At the end of the 4-week diet and lifestyle stabilization period or the 6-week diet and stabilization and washout period, eligible patients entered the 2-week LDL-C and TG qualifying period and had their fasting LDL-C and TG levels measured at Visit 2 (Week −2) and Visit 3 (Week −1). Eligible patients must have had an average fasting LDL-C level ≥40 mg/dL and <100 mg/dL and an average fasting TG level ≥200 mg/dL and <500 mg/dL to enter the 12 week double blind treatment period. The LDL-C and TG levels for qualification were based on the average (arithmetic mean) of the Visit 2 (Week −2) and Visit 3 (Week −1) values. If a patient's average LDL-C and/or TG levels from Visit 2 and Visit 3 fell outside the required range for entry into the study, an additional fasting lipid profile was collected 1 week later at Visit 3.1. If a third sample was collected at Visit 3.1, entry into the study was based on the average (arithmetic mean) of the values from Visit 3 and Visit 3.1.

After confirmation of qualifying fasting LDL-C and TG values, eligible patients entered a 12-week, randomized, double-blind treatment period. At Visit 4 (Week 0), patients were randomly assigned to 1 of the following treatment groups:

-   -   >96% E-EPA 2 g daily,     -   >96% E-EPA 4 g daily, or     -   Placebo.

226 to 234 patients per treatment group were randomized in this study. Stratification was by type of statin (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin), the presence of diabetes, and gender.

During the double-blind treatment period, patients returned to the site at Visit 5 (Week 4), Visit 6 (Week 11), and Visit 7 (Week 12) for efficacy and safety evaluations.

Eligible patients were randomly assigned at Visit 4 (Week 0) to receive orally >96% E-EPA 2 g daily, >96% E-EPA 4 g daily, or placebo.

>96% E-EPA was provided in 1 g liquid-filled, oblong, gelatin capsules. The matching placebo capsule was filled with light liquid paraffin and contained 0 g of >96% E-EPA. >96% E-EPA capsules were to be taken with food (i.e. with or at the end of a meal).

During the double-blind treatment period, patients were to take 2 capsules (>96% E-EPA or matching placebo) in the morning and 2 capsules in the evening for a total of 4 capsules per day.

-   -   Patients in the >96% E-EPA 2 g/day treatment group received         1 >96% E-EPA 1 g capsule and 1 matching placebo capsule in the         morning and in the evening.     -   Patients in the >96% E-EPA 4 g/day treatment group received         2 >96% E-EPA 1 g capsules in the morning and evening.     -   Patients in the placebo group received 2 matching placebo         capsules in the morning and evening.

The primary efficacy variable for the double-blind treatment period was percent change in TG from baseline to Week 12 endpoint. The secondary efficacy variables for the double-blind treatment period included the following:

-   -   Percent changes in total cholesterol (TC), high-density         lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-C, calculated non-HDL-C,         and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) from         baseline to Week 12 endpoint;     -   Percent change in very low-density lipoprotein TG from baseline         to Week 12;     -   Percent changes in apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), apolipoprotein         B (apo B), and apo A I/apo B ratio from baseline to Week 12;     -   Percent changes in lipoprotein(a) from baseline to Week 12;     -   Percent changes in LDL particle number and size, measured by         nuclear magnetic resonance, from baseline to Week 12;     -   Percent change in remnant-like particle cholesterol from         baseline to Week 12;     -   Percent change in oxidized LDL from baseline to Week 12;     -   Changes in FPG and HbA1c from baseline to Week 12;     -   Change in insulin resistance, as assessed by the homeostasis         model index insulin resistance, from baseline to Week 12;     -   Percent change in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2         (Lp-PLA2) from baseline to Week 12;     -   Change in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 from baseline to         Week 12;     -   Change in interleukin-2 from baseline to Week 12;     -   Change in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from baseline to         Week 12. Note: this parameter will only be collected at sites         with proper storage conditions;     -   Change in hsCRP from baseline to Week 12; and     -   Change in plasma concentration and red blood cell membrane         content of fatty acid from baseline to Week 12 including EPA,         docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),         arachidonic acid (AA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), the ratio         of EPA/AA, ratio of oleic acid/stearic acid (OA/SA), and the         ratio of total omega-3 acids over total omega-6 acids.

Safety assessments included adverse events, clinical laboratory measurements (chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs), vital signs, and physical examinations.

For TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, calculated non-HDL-C, and VLDL-C, baseline was defined as the average of Visit 4 (Week 0) and the preceding lipid qualifying visit (either Visit 3 [Week −1] or if it occurs, Visit 3.1) measurements. Baseline for all other efficacy parameters was the Visit 4 (Week 0) measurement.

For TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, calculated non-HDL-C, and VLDL-C, Week 12 endpoint was defined as the average of Visit 6 (Week 11) and Visit 7 (Week 12) measurements.

Week 12 endpoint for all other efficacy parameters were the Visit 7 (Week 12) measurement.

The primary efficacy analysis was performed using a 2-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment as a factor and baseline TG value as a covariate. The least squares mean, standard error, and 2-tailed 95% confidence interval for each treatment group and for each comparison were estimated. The same 2-way ANCOVA model was used for the analysis of secondary efficacy variables.

The primary analysis was repeated for the per-protocol population to confirm the robustness of the results for the intent-to-treat population.

Non-inferiority tests for percent change from baseline in LDL-C were performed between >96% E-EPA doses and placebo using a non-inferiority margin of 6% and a significant level at 0.05.

For the following key secondary efficacy parameters, treatment groups were compared using Dunnett's test to control the Type 1 error rate: TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, VLDL-C, Lp-PLA2, and apo B. For the remaining secondary efficacy parameters, Dunnett's test was be used and the ANCOVA output were considered descriptive.

The evaluation of safety was based primarily on the frequency of adverse events, clinical laboratory assessments, vital signs, and 12-lead ECGs. The primary efficacy variable is the percent change in fasting TG levels from baseline to Week 12. A sample size of 194 completed patients per treatment group provided 90.6% power to detect a difference of 15% between >96% E-EPA and placebo in percent change from baseline in fasting TG levels, assuming a standard deviation of 45% in TG measurements and a significance level of p<0.05.

Previous data on fasting LDL-C show a difference in percent change from baseline of 2.2%, with a standard deviation of 15%, between study drug and placebo. A sample size of 194 completed patients per treatment group provided 80% power to demonstrate non inferiority (p<0.05, one-sided) of the LDL-C response between >96% E-EPA 4 g daily and placebo, within a 6% margin. To accommodate a 10% drop-out rate from randomization to completion of the double-blind treatment period, a total of 648 randomized patients was planned (216 patients per treatment group); 702 subjects were randomized, as further described below.

RESULTS

Of the 702 randomized subjects, 687 were in the intent-to-treat (“ITT”) population as follows:

-   -   Ultra-pure EPA, 4 g/day: 226 subjects     -   Ultra-pure EPA, 2 g/day: 234 subjects     -   Placebo: 227 subjects

Lipids were extracted from plasma and red blood cell (“RBC”) suspensions and converted into fatty acid methyl esters for analysis using a standard validated gas chromatography/flame ionization detection method. Fatty acid parameters were compared between EPA treatment groups and placebo using an ANCOVA model with treatment, gender, type of statin therapy, and presence of diabetes as factors, and the baseline parameter value as a covariate. LSMs, SEs, and 2-tailed 95% confidence intervals for each treatment group and for each comparison were determined.

Baseline characteristics of the three ITT groups were comparable, with 61.4% of the ITT subjects being male, 96.3% being white, having a mean age of 61.4 years, a weight of 95.7 kg and a BMI of 32.9 kg/m². ITT subjects with incomplete fatty acid data at baseline and/or at 12 weeks were excluded from the analyses described below.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 

1. A method of treating or preventing prostate cancer in a subject having an elevated PSA level of at least about 2.5 ng/mL and a fasting baseline triglyceride level of at least about 500 mg/dL, the method comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising about 1 g to about 4 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate daily.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein triglycerides are reduced in the subject with no increase in an LDL-C level in the subject.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the reduction in triglycerides and the no increase in LDL-C level is in comparison to baseline, or in comparison to a second subject or subject group that has received a prostate cancer therapy but not the ethyl eicosapentaenoate.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein ethyl eicosapentaenoate represents at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present in the pharmaceutical composition.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein docosahexaenoic acid and its esters represent no more than about 4%, by weight of all fatty acids (and/or derivatives thereof) present in the pharmaceutical composition.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has a risk factor associated with prostate cancer.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the risk factor is selected from the group consisting of: a genetic risk factor, a family history risk factor, a dietary risk factor, a viral risk factor, a sexual-related risk factor, a risk factor associated with exposure to medication, and a risk factor associated with a medical procedure.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the genetic risk factor comprises a mutation in BRCA1, a mutation in BRCA2, a mutation in HPC1, a mutation in the androgen receptor, a mutation in the vitamin D receptor, overexpression of one or more ETS transcription factors, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of PTEN, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of KAI1, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of E-cadherin, a mutation in or loss of one or more copies of CD44, a TT allele pair at SNP rs10993994, a mutation in the promoter region of the MSMB gene, or a combination thereof.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is identified as having prostate cancer before administration of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises providing the subject with a prostate cancer therapy selected from the group consisting of: surveillance, surgery, radiation, ultrasound, chemotherapy, cryotherapy, primary hormone therapy, and combinations thereof.
 11. The method of claim 10, the method further comprising reducing or discontinuing the prostate cancer therapy after administration of the pharmaceutical composition.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the prostate cancer therapy is reduced or discontinued after administration of the pharmaceutical composition for a period of time effective to reduce a prostate cancer diagnostic result associated with the subject.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the prostate cancer diagnostic result is one or more of: a PSA score, a prostate ultrasound image, a prostate MRI image, a biopsy sample, a Gleason score, and a prostate tumor grade.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the period of time is less than about 6 months.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the period of time is about 12 weeks.
 16. (canceled)
 17. The method of claim 1, the method further comprises determining a second, lower PSA level associated with the subject after administration of the pharmaceutical composition.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject for a period of time effective to reduce the PSA level by at least about 50%. 19-20. (Canceled) 